章节内容
第一节 受体的术前评估
一旦决定对病人行肝移植手术并且没有明显的医学和心理学方面的禁忌证,那么就需要对病人作出更全面和详细的评估。主要包括、解剖、病因、感染、肿瘤、合并的疾病及各重要脏器的评估。
一、一般情况
测量受体的体重、身高和肝脏的大小是必要的,因为这决定着选择大小合适的供体肝脏。肝移植术后的排异反应与肾移植和心脏移植相比,发生率低,程度轻且容易治疗和逆转,所以组织配型一般只基于ABO血型相配。血清巨细胞病毒(CMV)抗体阴性的受体,最好接受CMV阴性的供体肝脏。CMV阳性的供体肝脏移植给VMV阴性的受体,术后CMV感染的机会明显增加。年龄本身不是肝移植主要考虑因素,过去曾把年龄大于50岁列为手术禁忌证,现在也有年龄大于70岁的病人移植成功的例子。
二、肝脏和胆管系统
对肝脏和胆管系统的评估主要是为了明确肝脏的原发病和排除恶性肿瘤的存在。由于肝脏原发病的不同,关系着肝移植手术前和术后的不同治疗方法,以及术后原发病的复发情况,所以术前明确原发病的诊断是重要的。
在血液学检查方面,下列检查应该常进行:①乙型肝炎病毒血清学标志,如HbsAg、HbsAb、HbeAg、HbeAb、HbcAb、以及HBV-DNA;②丙型肝炎病毒;HCV-Ab和HCV-RNA;③抗核抗体(ANA);④抗线粒体抗体(AMA);⑤抗平滑肌抗体(ASMA);⑥EB病毒抗体;⑦巨细胞病毒(CMV)抗体;⑧甲胎蛋白(AFP)和癌胚抗原(CEA);⑨人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)。
对于Budd-Chiari综合征、酒精性肝硬化及其他原因不明的肝病病人,需要行肝脏活检病理检查。由于丙型肝炎病毒从感染至抗体产生之间有一较长的潜伏期,所以对于HCV-Ab阴性的病人,可对活检肝组织行PCR检查来明确有无丙型肝炎病毒感染。
许多肝硬化病人都合并有肝细胞癌,所以,每个病人必须接受B超、CT或MRI检查,以明确有无肝癌的存在。对发现实质性占位性病变的病人,必须在B超引导下行肝脏活检。直径小于5cm的原发性肝癌,如果没有远处转移,也不构成手术禁忌证[1]。
硬化性胆管炎可能合并胆管癌,癌胚抗原(CEA)检查有助于明确诊断。必要时可以行逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)及胆管脱落细胞检查。由于胆管癌病人肝移植术后复发率很高,一般被认为是手术禁忌证。[2,3]
门静脉和肠膜静脉血栓不是肝移植手术的禁忌证,但是会给肝移植手术带来困难,所以,彩色多普勒超声检查门静脉和下腔静脉是必要的,它不但可以明确有无血栓存在,同时,也可以明确门静脉高压的诊断和门静脉、脾静脉的直径和血流方向[4]。
有时需要行ERCP或经皮肝穿刺胆管造影(PTC)来明确胆管系统是否正常。
三、心血管系统
肝脏移植时,病人常会面临极大的血液动力学的改变[5],所以术前对受体的心血管系统作出评估是必要的,特别是对于年龄大于60岁的病人,以及有吸烟史、家族心脏病史、糖尿病和高血压的病人。
冠心病病人经冠状动脉搭桥术后,如果左心室收缩功能正常,也可以行肝移植手术。酒精性肝硬化病必须检测左心室功能以排除心肌病变,如果已有心肌病变,则不宜行肝移植手术。一些系统性疾病。如红斑狼疮、结节病、血色素沉着症,都需要进行详细的心脏检查。
心脏瓣膜病如果已引起肺动脉高压,则应视为禁忌证。
对于心电图有异常表现者,如左束支传导阻滞、左心室
第二节 受体的术前治疗
| 分期 | 临床表现 |
| Ⅰ | 焦虑、易怒、计算能力受损 |
| Ⅱ | 性格改变、记忆力障碍、嗜睡 |
| Ⅲ | 谵妄、昏睡 |
| Ⅳ | 昏迷 |
参考文献
1.Polson RJ,O’Grady JG,WilliamsR.Liver transplantation in treatment ofhepatic malignancy.Baillieres ClinGastroenterol ,1987,1:171
2.Ringe B,Wittekind C,BechsteinWO et al.The role of livertransplantation in hepatobiliarymalignancy.Aretrospective analysisof 95patients wigh particular regard totumor stage and recurrence.AnnSurg,1989,209:888
3.Ismil T,Angrisani L,Gunson BKet al.Primary hepatic malignancy:the roleof liver transplantation,Br JSurg,1990,77:983
4.Johansen K,Paun M.Duplexultrasonography of the portal vein.Surg clinAm,1990,70:181
5.Kaplpokas M,HackerstedtK,Meknen Jet al.Cardiac evaluation of livertransplantation,Anaesth IntensiveCare,1989,17:24
6.TaugrenM,Hackerstedt K,Meknen Jet al.Cardiac evaluation of liver transplantrecipients:QT dispersion inelectrocardiogram.Clin transplant,1996,105:408
7.Hourani JM,Bellamy PE,TashkinDP et al.Pulmonary dysfunction inadvanced liver disease:frequent occurrence ofan abnormal diffusing capacity,AmJ Med,1991,90:693
8.O’Brien JD,Etting NA.Pulmonarycomplications of livertransplantation.Clin Chest Med,1996,17:99
9.McCauley J,Van Thiel DH,StarelTE et al .Acute and chronic renalfailure in liver transplantation,Nephron,1990,55:121
10.Tzakis AG,cooper MH,Dummer JSet al.Transplantation in HIV+patients.Transplantation,1990,49:354
11.Dummer JS,Erb S,Breining MK etal .Infection with humanimmunodeficiency virus in Pittsburgh transplantpopulation,A study of 538 donorand 1043recipients,1981-1986.Transplantation,1989,47:134
12.Abou JMM,Grant DR,Ghent CN etal.Effect of portosytemic shunts onsubsequent transplantation of liver.SurgGynecol Obstet,1991,172:215
13.Larson A,Cohen H,Zweiban Betal.Acute esophageal varicealsclerotherapy:result of a prospective,randomizedcontrolledtrial.JAMA,1986,255:497
14.Sarin SK,Sachdev G,Nanda R etal .Comparison of two time schedules forendoscopic sclerotherapy:aprospective,randomized controlledstudy.Gut,1986,27:710
15.Hou MC,Lin HC,Chcn CH etal.Comparison of endoscopies varicealinjection sclerotherapy and ligation forthe treatment of esophageal varicealhemorrhage:a prospective randomizedtrial.Hepatology,1995,21:1517
16.Imperiale TF,TeranJC,McCullough AJ.Ameta-analysis of somatostatinversus vasopressin in themanagement of acute esophagealvaricealhemorrhage.Gastroenterology,1995,109:1289
17.Abouljioud MS,Levy MF,Rees CRet al .Acomparison of treatment withtransjugular intrahepatic portosystemicshunt of distal splenorenal shunt in themanagement of variceal bleeding priorto livertransplantation.Transplantation,1995 ,59:226
18.Wilson MW,Gordon RL,Laberge JMet al.Liver transplantation complicatedby malpositional transjugularintrahepatic portosystemic shunts,J Vasc IntervRadiol,1995,6:695
19.Papazian A,Braillon ,Dupas JLet al.Portal hypertensive gastricmucosa;an ednoscopic study.Gut,1986,27:1199
20.Gines P,Tito L,Arroyo V et al.Randomized comparative study oftherapeutic paracentesis with and withoutalbumin incirrhosis.Gastroenterology,1988,94:1493
21.Bac DJ.Spontaneous bacterialperitonitis:an indication for livertransplantation?Scand J Gastroenterol,1996,218(Suppl):38
22.Hoefs JC,Runyen BA.Spontaneousbacterial peritonitis.Dis Mon,1984,31
23.Graer H.Therapy of spontaneousbacterial peritonitis.Schweiz RundschMed Prax,1997,86:98
24.Boyer TD,Kahn An,ReynoldsTB.diagnostic value of ascetic fluid lacticdehydrogenase,protein andWBClevels.Arch Int Med,1978,138:1103
25.Cairo JP,Aresias ME,Monteiro Eet al.Liver cirrhosis.Clinicalexperience with 274 unselectedcases.Digestion,1971,4:223
26.Boixede K,De Luis DA,Aller Ret al .Spontaneous bacterialperitonitis.Clinical and microbiological study of233 episodes.J ClinGastroenterol,1996,23:275
27.Ho H,Zuckerman MJ,Ho TK et al.Prevalence of associated infections incommunity-acquired spontaneous bacterialperitonitis .Am JGastroenterol,1996,91:735
28.Hoefs JC,Runyon BA.Spontaneousbacterial peritonitis .DisMon,1984,1:31
29.Targan SR,Chow AW,Guze LB.Roleof anaerobic bacteria in spontaneousperitonitis of cirrhosis.Report of twocases and review of the literature .Am JMed,1977,62:397
30.Rimola A,Salmeron JM,ClementerG et al.Two different dosages ofcefotaxime in the treatment of spontaneousbacterial peritonitis incirrhosis:results of prospective randomized multicenterstudy.Hepatology,1995,21:674
31.Novella M,Sol R,Soriano G etal.G et al .Continuous versus inpatientprophylaxis of the first episode ofspontaneous bacterial peritonitis withnorfloxacin.Hepatology,1997,25:532
32 Van Thiel DH ,HassanianT,Gurakar Aet al .Liver transplantation afteran acute episode of spontaneousbacterial peritonitis Hepatogastro-enterology,1996,43:1584